1920-29 | 1930-39 | 1940-49 | 1950-59 | 1960-69 | 1970-79 | 1980-1989

1920-1929

John R. Ramsey Jr. ’27-’29 of Marblehead, Mass., died September 13, 2000. An Episcopal priest, he served more than 40 years as a parish priest, a private-school teacher and chaplain, and a seminary instructor. Early in his career he taught at Seabury-Western Theological Seminary in Evanston, Ill., St. Andrew’s Training School for native priests in the Philippines, and Hoosac School in Hoosick, N.Y. His parish ministry included positions in Maryland, New Jersey, and New York. A consultant to the Standing Liturgical Commission for the revision of the Book of Common Prayer, Ramsey was also the author of A Manual of Ascetic Theology and Why Read the Bible?

Theodore P. Palmer ’28-’29 of Terre Haute, Ind., died April 17, 2000.

Henry J. Miller ’29 of Atlanta, Ga., died in February 2000. A founder of Alston & Bird in Atlanta, he was an associate and then a partner at Alston, Alston, Foster & Moise, later Alston, Foster, Sibley & Miller, and advised many of Atlanta’s business and professional leaders during his 70-year career there. His principal client was the Citizens and Southern National Bank, which he served as longtime general counsel and director. He also was a visiting professor at Emory Law School and served as chairman of the Georgia State Board of Bar Examiners and a fellow of both the American Bar Foundation and the American College of Probate Counsel.

1930-1939

Melvin I. Bernstein ’30 of Gloucester, Mass., died July 28, 2000. He was former city solicitor of Gloucester. He also practiced law there for 40 years and was a director of Addison Gilbert Hospital and Gloucester National Bank.

Burnham Enersen ’30 of San Francisco, Calif., died December 22, 2000. For nearly 50 years he was a partner at the San Francisco firm now known as McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen. He was an expert in California water law and for many years represented the Kern County Land Co. in water disputes. The company made him a director in 1967. Enersen was also director of the Criminal Justice Legal Foundation, the California Student Loan Finance Corp., and the United Way of the Bay Area. In 1998 he established the Enersen Foundation, which supports medical, cultural, and educational charities.

Robert L. Elliott Jr. ’31 of Evanston, Ill., died November 16, 2000.

Jerome R. Hellerstein ’31 of Athens, Ga., died September 23, 2000. He taught at the University of Georgia School of Law and practiced law at Herzfield & Rubin. He was the author of several books on tax law, including State and Local Taxation: Cases and Materials.

Lester Kissel ’31 of New York City died April 1, 2000.

Zanvyl Krieger ’31 of Baltimore, Md., died September 15, 2000. He was a Baltimore lawyer and philanthropist. He joined Weinberg and Sweeten in the early 1930s and retired in the 1990s from what had become Weinberg and Green. The Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences and the Zanvyl Krieger Mind/Brain Institute on the Johns Hopkins University Homewood campus are named after him. He was a benefactor and 34-year trustee of the Kennedy Krieger Institute in East Baltimore, and he funded the Sinai Krieger Eye Institute at Sinai Hospital and the Krieger Children’s Eye Center at the Wilmer Institute at Johns Hopkins Hospital. He was also a benefactor of The Associated: Jewish Community Federation of Baltimore. An investor in the Colts, the Orioles, and the Baltimore Clippers ice hockey team beginning in the 1940s, Krieger brought the Orioles to Baltimore and helped keep the Colts there in the early 1950s.

Paul E. Raymond LL.M. ’31 S.J.D. ’32 of West Palm Beach, Fla., died December 3, 1999.

John F. Davis ’32 of Chevy Chase, Md., died July 18, 2000. A Washington attorney, he worked for the Justice Department, the Interior Department, and the Securities and Exchange Commission. He argued before the Supreme Court more than 50 times while in the solicitor general’s office and served the Court as clerk for nearly ten years. Davis also taught law at Georgetown University and was a professor at the University of Maryland School of Law. While in private practice in Washington after WWII, he assisted in the defense of Alger Hiss ’29.

John Howley ’32 of Verbank, N.Y., died September 1, 2000. He was a former senior intelligence officer with the Office of Strategic Services and a founding partner at Hall, Casey, Dickler & Howley. He worked for Donovan, Leisure, Newton & Irvine and later as of counsel to Shatz, Thomsen & Mace in Mahopac, N.Y. He served as a trustee of Bennett College for many years.

Olcott D. Smith ’32 of Farmington, Conn., died July 24, 2000. He was a member of Day, Berry & Howard in Hartford for more than 30 years and later served the firm as of counsel. He was also vice chairman, chairman, CEO, and then chairman of the executive committee of Aetna Life and Casualty Co. Smith was a director of many public companies, including Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York and United Technologies Corp.

Aaron W. Warner ’32 of New York City died August 25, 2000. He was a Columbia University professor and administrator for almost 50 years. He specialized in labor issues as professor, becoming the Joseph Buttenwieser Professor of Human Relations in 1967, and went on to serve the university as dean of the School of General Studies, dean of the School of Continuing Education, and director of the University Seminars. He held the latter position until last July. After practicing law with a Boston firm briefly early in his career, Warner was appointed regional director of the National Labor Relations Board in Denver and then Los Angeles and later became special examiner for all the board’s regional offices. He also worked for the Railroad Retirement Board and was chief of field operations for the administration of wartime price controls.

Norman Winer ’32 of Santa Fe, N.M., died July 9, 2000.

Walter A. Maggiolo ’33 of Arlington, Va., died August 7, 2000. He helped resolve several major labor disputes as a federal mediator in the 1950s and 1960s, including a nationwide telephone strike in 1957 and a shutdown of the steel industry in 1959. In 1964 he mediated a national master agreement for the trucking industry and the Teamsters. Early in his career he was in private practice in New York.

James C. DiNunzio ’34 of Belmont, Mass., died August 20, 2000.

Robert T. Kimberlin ’34 of Oakland, Calif., died October 6, 2000.

Hamilton Moses Jr. ’34 of Bryn Mawr, Pa., died July 14, 2000. He was a retired lawyer and businessman. Founder of the commercial banking firm Rawleigh, Moses & Co. in Chicago in 1948, he served as its chairman until he sold the company in 1975. Earlier in his career, he worked for his family law firm, Moses, Bachrach & Kennedy. In the 1950s Moses started a chapel in downtown Chicago and guided a number of church charities during a time of financial difficulty, and he later became a life trustee of the Episcopal charities. During President Jimmy Carter’s administration he helped revise federal bankruptcy laws as part of the Blue Ribbon Panel. After retirement he occasionally practiced law in Norristown, Pa.

John C. Campbell ’34-’35 of Chappaqua, N.Y., died July 16, 2000. An expert on American foreign policy, he served as a senior staff member of the Manhattan-based Council on Foreign Relations for 27 years. He wrote several books, including American Foreign Policy Toward Communist Eastern Europe.

John B. Dorrance Jr. ’34-’35 of Hightstown, N.J., died March 10, 2000.

Walston S. Brown ’35 of Tuxedo Park, N.Y., died August 17, 2000. He was a retired partner at Willkie Farr & Gallagher in New York City.

William C. Warren ’35 of Ridgewood, N.J., died September 11, 2000. He was a former dean of Columbia Law School and a faculty member. During his tenure as dean, he raised $8 million for a new building, established the admissions and placement offices, diversified the student body, and improved scholarship financing. A tax attorney who coauthored textbooks on the subject and served as adviser to mayors, governors, and federal officials, Warren contributed to a new national tax program in the United States in the late 1940s. Until last year, he continued to work at Roberts & Holland in New York City and was on the boards of several corporations, including the Sterling National Bank and Barnwell Industries.

James B. Ames ’36 of Lincoln, Mass., died September 8, 2000. A trusts and estates lawyer, he practiced law at Ropes & Gray until his retirement. At the beginning of his career he worked in the corporate department, focusing on securities issues. He participated in numerous civic activities, including serving as chairman of the American College of Probate Counsel, chairman of the Boston Bar Association’s Committee on Probate Law, president of the Boston Athenaeum, treasurer of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, and president and chairman of Mount Auburn Hospital. During WWII he served in the Army and was awarded a Bronze Star and a Legion of Merit ribbon. Ames was the grandson of James Barr Ames LL.B. 1872, HLS dean from 1895 to 1910.

Saul Friedberg ’36 of Brookhaven, N.Y., died May 15, 2000. He was a lawyer for Universal Studios and the Bar of the City of New York. Before serving in the Navy in WWII, he helped organize steelworkers into industrial unions in Chicago and fought against Franco fascists as a member of the International Brigade in Spain. In recent years he was chairman of the nominating committee of the Suffolk County Health Advisory Council and a cofounder of the South Country Peace Group.

William R. Hervey Jr. ’36 of Newport Beach, Calif., died August 15, 2000.

Albert A. Lazar ’36 of Plattsburgh, N.Y., died June 22, 2000. He was a real estate broker in Pittsburgh, Pa., and a patron of the arts. He financed Aaron Siskind’s first book of photography, organized a concert for jazz musician Ornette Coleman in Lincoln Center, and was among the first to purchase the work of artist Willem de Kooning. In October 1998 the Plattsburgh State Art Museum mounted an exhibit drawn principally from Lazar’s collection called “New York Artists of the 1940s, ’50s, and ’60s.”

Charles J. Doherty ’36-’37 of Newton, Mass., died September 3, 2000.

H. Eugene Ryan ’37 of Mansfield, Ohio, died September 3, 2000. The oldest practicing attorney in the state of Ohio, he practiced law in Mansfield from 1946 until recently. He also served as chairman of the John and Pearl Conard Foundation, the Bookery, and the Sterkel Trust. He served in the U.S. Army as a decorated major in the Pacific theater during WWII.

Raoul Berger LL.M. ’38 of Concord, Mass., died September 23, 2000. He was a constitutional scholar who published seven books on the topic and more than 100 law review articles. His legal writings (Impeachment, 1973, and Executive Privilege, 1974) helped undermine President Richard Nixon’s claims of executive privilege. Berger began practicing law at age 34, but his first profession was as a violinist. He played with the Cleveland Orchestra and the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. After attending law school, he worked in Washington, D.C., for several federal agencies and then in private practice. He later joined the law faculty at the University of California in Berkeley. He eventually returned east to become Charles Warren Senior Research Fellow in Legal History at HLS.

Melvin Cohen LL.M. ’39 of Naples, Fla., died in December 1999.

John T. Connor ’39 of North Palm Beach, Fla., died October 6, 2000. He was former president and chief executive of the pharmaceutical company Merck and former president, chairman, and CEO of Allied Chemical Corp., which became Allied Signal. He later became commerce secretary under President Lyndon Johnson. Early in his career Connor was briefly general counsel for the Office of Scientific Research and Development. In the 1970s he headed the Committee of Business Executives against the Vietnam War.

1940-1949

Robert A. Grimes ’40 of Wayland, Mass., died September 11, 2000. He was a retired trial attorney who practiced in Boston and Waltham, Mass. He served as a political aide during John F. Kennedy’s campaign for the Senate. He was later the chief assessor for the City of Boston under Mayor John F. Collins and the founder of Middlesex Family Co-Operative Bank in Waltham.

Richard J. Kerry ’40 of Manchester, Mass., died July 29, 2000. He was an attorney, author, and Foreign Service officer. A former associate attorney at the Boston firm now known as Palmer & Dodge, he was later a member of Sheldon & Kerry in Groton, Mass., where he also served as town counsel. After moving to Washington, D.C., Kerry worked in the office of the general counsel in the Navy Department, and then in the State Department in the Bureau of United Nations Affairs and the office of the legal adviser. He also was a legal adviser to the U.S. high commissioner of Germany and briefly the U.S. attorney for Berlin before joining the Foreign Service, where he was executive assistant to the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He later taught at the NATO Defense College in Paris and served as chief of the political section of the American Embassy in Oslo. He was the father of U.S. Senator John Kerry.

Wilbur F. Pell Jr. ’40 of Evanston, Ill., died September 25, 2000. He was a federal judge for the Seventh Circuit for 30 years. In what was perhaps his most well known case, he wrote an opinion that reversed the conviction of five of the Chicago Seven, who had been found guilty of crossing state lines to incite a riot during the 1968 Democratic National Convention. Prior to his service as judge, Pell was in private practice with his father in Shelbyville, Ind., and served as deputy state attorney general for Indiana.

Robert B. Weller ’40 of New York City died June 23, 2000.

J. Sinclair Armstrong ’41 of New York City died November 5, 2000. He was a New York lawyer and banker who was chairman of the Securities and Exchange Commission from 1955 to 1957. He then served as assistant secretary and comptroller of the Navy until 1959. He later became executive vice president of U.S. Trust Co. of New York, where he worked until becoming a partner at Whitman Breed Abbott & Morgan. He continued his work there in securities and banking but also focused on historic preservation law, which became a passionate cause. A member of St. Bartholomew’s Episcopal Church in New York City, Armstrong led the fight that stopped the church’s efforts to build an office building above St. Bartholomew’s. He served as director, executive secretary, and treasurer of the Reed Foundation and as an independent director of the Bramwell Funds. In 1996 the Law School designated a professorship in his name in international, foreign, and comparative law. His wife, Charlotte Armstrong ’53, is a former president of the HLSA and the University’s Board of Overseers.

Sydney N. Finkel ’41 of Verona, N.J., died July 1, 2000.

Theodore Miller ’41 of Denver, Colo., died March 1, 2000.

David H. Blee ’42 of Bethesda, Md., died August 4, 2000. He worked for the Army Corps of Engineers and the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) during WWII. The OSS then became the CIA, where Blee worked for the rest of his career. He was chief of the agency’s Near East Division, then head of its Soviet Division, and finally chief of counterintelligence.

Joseph Gold S.J.D. ’42 of Bethesda, Md., died in February 2000.

John H. Herold ’42 of Baltimore, Md., died September 2, 2000. He practiced law in Baltimore for 40 years and was retired chairman of the estates and trusts department of Frank, Bernstein, Conaway and Goldman in Baltimore. He was also a partner at Hessey and Herold. A fellow of the American College of Trust and Estate Counsel, he also served as chairman of the Maryland State Bar Association’s section on estate and trust law and as vice chairman of two committees of the ABA’s real property, probate, and trust law section. Herold coauthored the book How To Live–And Die–With Maryland Probate.

Peter J. Repetti ’42 of Short Hills, N.J., died August 24, 2000. A corporate attorney, he was a member of Fulbright & Jaworski, formerly known as Reavis & McGrath, for more than 50 years. He also served as a director of several corporations, including Pulitzer Publishing of Saint Louis, Harry M. Stevens of New Jersey, and Block Drug of Jersey City.

Gerald M. Smith ’42 of Fairfax, Va., died September 1, 2000. He was a specialist in surety law and practiced for more than 30 years with the New York City law firm now known as Gottesman, Wolgel, Secunda, Malamy & Flynn. He retired as a partner in 1986. Earlier in his career he worked for the Civil Aviation Administration in Washington, D.C., and was an arbitrator for the American Arbitration Association. During WWII, Smith served as a pilot in the China-Burma-India theater.

Asher G. Ruch Jr. ’42 (’48) of Dayton, Ohio, died August 1, 2000. He worked with the Department of Defense at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base outside of Dayton for most of his career. Prior to that, he was briefly a patent attorney in New York City.

Lawrence F. Ebb ’43 (’46) of Washington, D.C., died August 4, 2000.

William P. Bundy ’43 (’47) of Princeton, N.J., died October 6, 2000. He served in the White House, as assistant secretary of defense for international security affairs during the Kennedy administration and as assistant secretary of state for East Asian and Pacific affairs under President Johnson.

Schuyler Hollingsworth Sr. ’43 (’47) of Brookline, Mass., died August 15, 2000. He was former executive director of the Harvard College Fund and recording secretary of Harvard University. He also practiced corporate law at Bingham, Dana & Gould in Boston for several years before acquiring and operating Annett Lumber Co. in Jaffrey, N.H. He was a director of Hollingsworth & Vose Co. and Sherrill House in Boston.

Edward M. Wall ’43 (’49) of West Simsbury, Conn., died August 20, 2000.

William J. Shallow ’45-’47 of Key West, Fla., died September 5, 2000.

Walter C. Beardsley ’48 of San Antonio, Tex., died July 21, 2000.

Clinton T. Crolius ’48 of Wenham, Mass., died July 5, 2000. He was a retired partner at Sullivan & Worcester in Boston and a former member of Tillinghast Collins & Tanner in Providence and Ropes & Gray in Boston. He was a director of the Charles Playhouse in Boston and the South Shore Music Circus in Cohasset, Mass.

Albert H. Dwyer ’48 of Demarest, N.J., died in September 2000. He was former general counsel and vice president for business affairs of the Children’s Television Workshop, now the Sesame Workshop. He was also a CBS attorney for nearly two decades, starting as general attorney in charge of the broadcast section of the network’s law department. Early in his career he was an attorney for the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. He also practiced law in Bergen County and was an adjunct professor of law at William Paterson College. Assigned to the Army Signal Intelligence Service in Arlington, Va., while in the Army during WWII, Dwyer was trained as a Japanese linguist and cryptanalyst and helped crack the Japanese military and diplomatic codes. He later worked for the National Security Agency while in the Army Reserve, retiring with the rank of lieutenant colonel.

Samuel Goldman ’48 of Akron, Ohio, died August 25, 2000. He was a partner at Brouse McDowell and Harris, Sacks, Subrin & Goldman, last working at Goldman & Rosen in Akron. He was also a professor at the University of Akron Law School.

Francis D. Murnaghan Jr. ’48 of Baltimore, Md., died August 31, 2000.

Francis M. Wheat ’48 of San Marino, Calif., died July 21, 2000. A securities lawyer, he was a retired senior partner at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, based in Los Angeles. He worked there from 1948 to 1989, except during leaves to serve on the Securities and Exchange Commission during the Johnson administration and to head a panel on changes in accounting standards for the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. An environmentalist, Wheat worked for passage of the California Desert Protection Act, which was signed into law by President Clinton in 1994. He was also author of California Desert Miracle: The Fight for Desert Parks and Wilderness. Wheat was founding president of the Alliance for Children’s Rights, a founder and trustee of the Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund, a founder and past cochairman of the California Commission on Campaign Financing, and a founding director of the Center for Law in the Public Interest.

Richard A. Holman ’49 of New York City died September 18, 2000. He was founder and publisher, until 1998, of the Wall Street Transcript, a weekly newspaper for investors.

Harold W. Horowitz ’49 S.J.D. ’67 of Los Angeles, Calif., died July 28, 2000. He was a former UCLA law professor and vice-chancellor for faculty relations. An attorney for the Department of Health, Education and Welfare under President John F. Kennedy, he later helped draft legislation that created the Office of Economic Opportunity and helped found the Western Center on Law and Poverty in Los Angeles. He was one of the principal drafters of the law that became Title 6 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Horowitz was also a legal adviser in the 1976 California Supreme Court case Serrano v.Priest, which called for the balancing of school spending between rich and poor districts.

Moses W. Somerville ’49 of Montclair, N.J., died September 30, 2000.

1950-1959

C. Emerson Duncan II ’50 of Washington, D.C., died August 12, 2000. He was a founder of Duncan & Allen in Washington, and his specialty was water and power resources. His clients included the American Public Power Association and its members, whom he represented before the Federal Power Commission (now the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission) and on Capitol Hill. While a partner at Ely, McCarty & Duncan in the 1950s, Duncan was a special counsel to California in the state’s decades-long dispute with Arizona involving water rights on the Colorado River. He was also a founding member and past president of the Wildlife Preservation Trust International.

Ray J. Davis ’53 of Provo, Utah, died August 10, 2000. He was a professor of law at Brigham Young University from 1979 until his recent retirement. He also taught law at the University of Arizona, Temple University, and the University of Arkansas. He wrote in the areas of weather modification, water law, and workers’ compensation, and he was the author of the “Arizona Workers’ Compensation Handbook,” the “Model State Water Allocation Code,” and the textbook Law in Action: American Government.

Benjamin T. Eisenstadt ’54-’55 of Prides Crossing, Mass., died August 19, 2000. He was a practicing attorney and town solicitor of Beverly, Mass.

Henry C. Horner ’55 of New Castle, N.H., died August 18, 2000. He was a partner at Fletcher, Tilton & Whipple in Worcester.

Bernard Schuster ’55 of Rochester, N.Y., died July 17, 2000.

Herbert Wasserman ’55 of Tyringham, Mass., died September 8, 2000.

Henry A. Greenburg ’56 of Hastings On Hudson, N.Y., died September 26, 2000.

Norman R. Vander Clute ’57 of Chapel Hill, N.C., died September 19, 2000.

1960-1969

Keith Highet ’60 of Washington, D.C., died July 12, 2000. He had a 40-year career in international law and handled more cases before the International Court of Justice at The Hague than any other American lawyer. His work on resolving international disputes included serving as adviser to the government of Peru on its border conflict with Ecuador. In early 2000 he served as a member of the Committee of International Law Experts appointed to advise the prime minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina on fighting corruption in that country. Highet also taught international law at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, the University of Paris, the George Washington School of Law, and the Ghana School of Law in Accra.

Theodore J. Martineau ’63 of Oak Brook, Ill., died August 29, 2000. He practiced labor law for many years as a partner at Ballard Spahr Andrews & Ingersoll in Philadelphia, Pa. He also represented the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team. He began his legal practice with the National Labor Relations Board in Washington, D.C., where he worked during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. As chairman of Arlingtonians for a Better County, he helped to end racial segregation in the suburban Washington public school system and public swimming pools.

Harvey S. Poll ’64 of Seattle, Wash., died July 10, 2000. He was a partner at both Holman, Williams, Manning & Poll and Stafford, Frey & Mertel, and he was longtime managing partner at P.B. Investments. Active in diabetes research, he was involved with Virginia Mason Diabetes Research, the Robert H. Williams Diabetes Research Council at the University of Washington, and the American Diabetes Association. He was also president of Clean Air for Washington (Citizens for Clean Air), a founding board member of the Washington Environmental Council, environmental chair of Washington State Young Lawyers, and director of the Puget Sound Air Pollution Control Agency.

Lawrence C. Browne ’65 of Brooklyn, N.Y., died August 13, 2000. He helped form and was a partner at the international transportation law firm Maloof & Browne in Manhattan. He also practiced with the New York City litigation firms Cahill Gordon & Reindel and Weil, Gotshal & Manges.

David Rothstein ’65 of Brooklyn, N.Y., died January 19, 2000.

James K. Stack ’65 of San Francisco, Calif., died May 22, 2000.

Gerald W. Boston ’67 of Haslett, Mich., died August 16, 2000. He was a professor at the Thomas M. Cooley Law School in Lansing, Mich. Director of the Harvard Legislative Research Bureau early in his career, he went on to chair a task force with Ralph Nader ’58 to draft the National Highway Traffic Safety Act. He was then in private practice in Cleveland before serving as assistant general counsel of the Freuehauf Corp. in Detroit, associate counsel for litigation and regulatory matters at the Ford Motor Co. in Dearborn, and cocounsel with a practice in Farmington Hills. Author of numerous books on tort law, including the casebook Environmental and Toxic Torts, and editor of a five-volume work on personal injury damages, Boston was a member of the Cooley Legal Authors Society. His most recent book wasEmotional Injuries Law & Practice.

1970-1979

Edmund C. Barton ’70 of Park City, Utah, died August 12, 2000.

Karen E. Katzman ’74 of New York City died June 3, 2000. She was a partner in the litigation department at Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays & Handler in New York City, where she began her career in 1974.

1980-1989

Gordon A. Rich ’82 of Demarest, N.J., died November 19, 2000. He was cohead of the media investment banking group at Credit Suisse First Boston in New York City.

Robert K. Packard ’83 of Belvedere Tiburon, Calif., died in August 2000. A technology investor and financier, he was a principal of Texas Pacific Group. Previously he was a managing director at BT Alex. Brown and cohead of its global technology investing group. In the 1980s he was an attorney with Cooley Godward in San Francisco and Palo Alto, where he specialized in corporate securities transactions for technology firms and venture capital partnerships. After being diagnosed with amyo-trophic lateral sclerosis (also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease), he founded the Robert Packard Foundation for ALS Research and helped to bring about the Center for ALS research at Johns Hopkins University.